Epoxy-free plastic optical fiber splice design and fabrication process

ABSTRACT

An epoxy-free, high-durability and low-cost plastic optical fiber splice design and fabrication process which meets commercial airplane environmental requirements. The splice design: (1) does not require the use of epoxy to join the end faces of two plastic optical fibers together; (2) incorporates double-crimp rings to provide highly durable pull force for the plastic optical fibers that are joined together; (3) resolves any vibration problem at the plastic optical fiber end faces using a miniature stop inside a splice alignment sleeve; and (4) incorporates a splice alignment sleeve that can be mass produced using precision molding or three-dimensional printing processes.

BACKGROUND

The technology disclosed herein generally relates to methods forsplicing two optical fibers together and, more particularly, relates tosplicing two plastic optical fibers. As used herein, the term “splicing”means optically coupling the end faces of two optical fibers so thatlight emitted by one fiber is received by the other fiber.

An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmitslight along its axis. The fiber consists of a transparent coresurrounded by a transparent cladding layer (hereinafter “cladding”),both of which are made of dielectric materials. Light is kept in thecore by the phenomenon of total internal reflection. To confine theoptical signal in the core, the refractive index of the core is greaterthan that of the cladding. The boundary between the core and claddingmay either be abrupt, as in step-index fiber, or gradual, as ingraded-index fiber.

An important aspect of a fiber optic communication is that of connectingtwo fiber optic cables such that optical loss is minimized. Temporary orsemi-permanent connections are made by means of specialized opticalfiber connectors. It is often necessary to align an optical fiber withanother optical fiber. This can involve either carefully aligning thefiber and placing it in contact with the device, or using a lens toallow optical coupling. In some cases the end of the fiber is polishedinto a curved form that makes it act as a lens.

A plastic optical fiber (POF) is an optical fiber that is made ofpolymeric materials. Similar to glass optical fiber, POF transmits light(for illumination or data) through the core of the fiber. Its chiefadvantage over the glass product, other aspects being equal, is itsrobustness under bending and stretching. Typically, the core is made ofpoly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or polystyrene, while the cladding ismade of fluorinated polymer.

Plastic optical fiber can be substituted for heavy and bulky copperconductors in an airplane data bus network. However, it is not uncommonfor a plastic optical fiber to break during the complex airplane wiringprocess. A splice provides a quick repair of broken plastic opticalfibers in the airplane wiring process.

Currently there is no commercial-off-the-shelf avionics-grade POF splicethat is designed for a rugged avionics environment. Commerciallyavailable POF splice techniques use epoxy to join the two POF end faces.Joining the two end faces with epoxy is not very durable because bulkepoxy will soften at high temperature, thereby increasing the opticalloss of the POF in the splice. The pull strength of the splice will bereduced at high temperature using the existing commercial POF splicingtechnique. The commercial POF splice does not address the issue ofend-face damage due to a high-vibration environment. In addition, theuse of epoxy requires ultraviolet light or heat for curing. This is nota preferred process to use during the wiring installation in acommercial airplane.

The well-established glass optical fiber fusion splicing technique usinghigh-temperature arcing at the fiber end faces is not applicable to POFbecause of the material and fiber diameter differences. POF will meltinstantly when arcing heat is applied at the POF end faces.

SUMMARY

The technology disclosed in some detail below solves the problem ofsplicing plastic optical fibers by adopting an epoxy-free,high-durability and low-cost POF splice design and fabrication processwhich meets commercial airplane environmental requirements. Morespecifically, the POF splice design disclosed below is capable ofwithstanding high vibrations (e.g., 10 G), high pull force (over 16lbs.) and extreme temperature cycling (from −40 to +100 degree C.). Theproposed splice design: (1) does not require the use of epoxy to jointhe end faces of two plastic optical fibers together; (2) incorporatesdouble-crimp rings to provide highly durable pull force for the plasticoptical fibers that are joined together; (3) resolves any vibrationproblem at the POF end faces using a miniature stop inside a splicealignment sleeve; and (4) incorporates a splice alignment sleeve thatcan be mass produced using precision molding or three-dimensionalprinting processes.

Because no epoxy is used, the splice fabrication process disclosedherein is quick and easy. The plastic optical fibers are opticallycoupled inside a splice alignment sleeve by crimping metal crimp ringsat the two ends of the splice alignment sleeve. The POF splice disclosedherein has double crimp rings to hold the POF end faces at amaximum-optical-coupling position, which reduces the insertion loss ofthe POF splice. The mechanical force of the crimp ring holds the plasticoptical fiber at this optimum position under the extreme temperature andvibration conditions to which the POF splice is subjected. The POFsplice disclosed herein also incorporates a miniature stop at the twoPOF end-face interface to eliminate POF end-face damage (e.g., nicks andscratches) due to the high-vibration environment.

Although various embodiments of apparatus and methods for splicingplastic optical fibers will be described in some detail below, one ormore of those embodiments may be characterized by one or more of thefollowing aspects.

One aspect of the subject matter disclosed in detail below is anapparatus for guiding propagating light waves, comprising: a firstplastic optical fiber cable comprising a first plastic optical fiber anda first jacket surrounding the first plastic optical fiber except for anend section of the first plastic optical fiber terminating at a firstend face; a second plastic optical fiber cable comprising a secondplastic optical fiber and a second jacket surrounding the second plasticoptical fiber except for an end section of the second plastic opticalfiber terminating at a second end face; and a plastic optical fibersplice assembly configured to optical couple the first and second endfaces to each other, the plastic optical fiber splice assemblycomprising: a first terminus having a first longitudinal sectionsurrounding the end section of the first plastic optical fiber and asecond longitudinal section surrounding a portion of the first jacket,the first terminus being made of thermoplastic material; a secondterminus having a first longitudinal section surrounding the end sectionof the second plastic optical fiber and a second longitudinal sectionsurrounding a portion of the second jacket, the second terminus beingmade of thermoplastic material; a splice alignment sleeve that surroundsthe first longitudinal sections of the first and second termini andportions of the second longitudinal sections of the first and secondtermini, the splice alignment sleeve being made of thermoplasticmaterial; a first crimp ring having a first longitudinal sectionsurrounding and crimped onto one portion of the second longitudinalsection of the first terminus and a second longitudinal sectionsurrounding and crimped onto one end section of the splice alignmentsleeve, the first crimp ring being made of metallic material; and asecond crimp ring having a first longitudinal section surrounding andcrimped onto one portion of the second longitudinal section of thesecond terminus and a second longitudinal section surrounding andcrimped onto another end section of the splice alignment sleeve, thesecond crimp ring being made of metallic material. Preferably the firstand second end faces do not contact each other. To prevent end-facecontact, the splice alignment sleeve may comprise an aperture stop thatmaintains a gap between the first and second end faces. The interiorspace of the splice alignment sleeve is free of epoxy.

In accordance with one embodiment of the apparatus described in thepreceding paragraph, the apparatus further comprises: a first boothaving a longitudinal section that surrounds both another portion of thesecond longitudinal section of the first terminus and a portion of thefirst jacket of the first plastic optical fiber cable; a second boothaving a longitudinal section that surrounds both another portion of thesecond longitudinal section of the second terminus and a portion of thesecond jacket of the second plastic optical fiber cable; a third crimpring surrounding and crimped onto the longitudinal section of the firstboot, the third crimp ring being made of metallic material; and a fourthcrimp ring surrounding and crimped onto the longitudinal section of thesecond boot, the fourth crimp ring being made of metallic material. Thefirst terminus is compressed onto the first jacket of the first plasticoptical fiber cable by the first and third crimp rings in respectivecrimped states and the second terminus is compressed onto the secondjacket of the second plastic optical fiber cable by the second andfourth crimp rings in respective crimped states.

Another aspect of the subject matter disclosed in detail below is amethod for splicing first and second plastic optical fibers together,the method comprising: (a) stripping a portion of a first jacket of afirst plastic optical fiber cable from an end section of a first plasticoptical fiber of the first plastic optical fiber cable; (b) stripping aportion of a second jacket of a second plastic optical fiber cable froman end section of a second plastic optical fiber of the second plasticoptical fiber cable; (c) sliding a first terminus made of thermoplasticmaterial onto the first plastic optical fiber cable to a positionwhereat a first longitudinal section of the first terminus surrounds theend section of the first plastic optical fiber and a second longitudinalsection of the first terminus surrounds a portion of the first jacket;(d) sliding a second terminus made of thermoplastic material onto thesecond plastic optical fiber cable to a position whereat a firstlongitudinal section of the second terminus surrounds the end section ofthe second plastic optical fiber and a second longitudinal section ofthe second terminus surrounds a portion of the second jacket; (e)sliding a first crimp ring made of metallic material onto the firstterminus to a position whereat a first longitudinal section of the firstcrimp ring surrounds a first portion of the second longitudinal sectionof the first terminus; (f) sliding a second crimp ring made of metallicmaterial onto the second terminus to a position whereat a firstlongitudinal section of the second crimp ring surrounds a first portionof the second longitudinal section of the second terminus; (g) crimpingthe first longitudinal section of the first crimp ring onto the secondlongitudinal section of the first terminus; (h) crimping the firstlongitudinal section of the second crimp ring onto the secondlongitudinal section of the second terminus; (i) after step (g),inserting the first longitudinal section of the first terminus into anopening at one end of a splice alignment sleeve until a secondlongitudinal section of the first crimp ring surrounds one end sectionof the splice alignment sleeve; (j) after step (h), inserting the firstlongitudinal section of the second terminus into an opening at anotherend of the splice alignment sleeve until a second longitudinal sectionof the second crimp ring surrounds another end section of the splicealignment sleeve; (k) after step (i), crimping the second longitudinalsection of the first crimp ring onto the one end section of the splicealignment sleeve; and (l) after step (j), crimping the secondlongitudinal section of the second crimp ring onto the another endsection of the splice alignment sleeve. Upon completion of steps (k) and(l), the first and second end faces of the POF do not contact each otherinside the splice alignment sleeve, and an interior space of the splicealignment sleeve is free of epoxy.

In accordance with one embodiment of the splicing method described inthe preceding paragraph, the method further comprises: sliding a firstrubber boot onto the first terminus to a position whereat a longitudinalsection of the first rubber boot surrounds a second portion of thesecond longitudinal section of the first terminus; sliding a third crimpring made of metallic material onto the first rubber boot to a positionwhereat the third crimp ring surrounds a portion of the longitudinalsection of the first rubber boot that surrounds the second portion ofthe second longitudinal section of the first terminus; and crimping thethird crimp ring onto the first rubber boot, wherein the first andsecond portions of the second longitudinal section of the first terminusare compressed onto the first jacket of the first plastic optical fibercable by the first and third crimp rings in respective crimped states.The same method may further comprise: sliding a second rubber boot ontothe second terminus to a position whereat a longitudinal section of thesecond rubber boot surrounds a second portion of the second longitudinalsection of the second terminus; sliding a fourth crimp ring made ofmetallic material onto the second rubber boot to a position whereat thefourth crimp ring surrounds a portion of the longitudinal section of thesecond rubber boot that surrounds the second portion of the secondlongitudinal section of the second terminus; and crimping the fourthcrimp ring onto the second rubber boot, wherein the first and secondportions of the second longitudinal section of the second terminus arecompressed onto the second jacket of the second plastic optical fibercable by the second and fourth crimp rings in respective crimped states.

A further aspect of the subject matter disclosed in detail below is anapparatus for guiding propagating light waves, comprising: a plasticoptical fiber cable comprising a plastic optical fiber and a jacketsurrounding the plastic optical fiber except for an end section of theplastic optical fiber terminating at an end face; a terminus having afirst longitudinal section surrounding the end section of the plasticoptical fiber and a second longitudinal section surrounding a portion ofthe jacket, the terminus being made of thermoplastic material; and afirst crimp ring having a longitudinal section surrounding and crimpedonto one portion of the second longitudinal section of the terminus, thefirst crimp ring being made of metallic material.

In accordance with one embodiment of the apparatus described in thepreceding paragraph, the apparatus further comprises: a boot having alongitudinal section that surrounds both another portion of the secondlongitudinal section of the terminus and a portion of the jacket of theplastic optical fiber cable; and a second crimp ring surrounding andcrimped onto the first longitudinal section of the boot, the secondcrimp ring being made of metallic material, wherein the first and secondportions of the second longitudinal section of the terminus arecompressed onto the jacket of the plastic optical fiber cable by thefirst and second crimp rings in respective crimped states.

Yet another aspect of the subject matter disclosed in detail below is amethod for repairing a damaged plastic optical fiber cable onboard anairplane, the method comprising: (a) severing first and second undamagedsections of the damaged plastic optical fiber cable from a damagedsection of the damaged plastic optical fiber cable by cutting theplastic optical fiber cable at first and second positions on oppositesides of the damaged section of plastic optical fiber cable to form thefirst and second plastic optical fiber cables; (b) stripping a portionof a first jacket of the first plastic optical fiber cable from an endsection of a first plastic optical fiber of the first plastic opticalfiber cable; (c) stripping a portion of a second jacket of the secondplastic optical fiber cable from an end section of a second plasticoptical fiber of the second plastic optical fiber cable; (d) sliding afirst terminus made of thermoplastic material onto the first plasticoptical fiber cable to a position whereat a first longitudinal sectionof the first terminus surrounds the end section of the first plasticoptical fiber and a second longitudinal section of the first terminussurrounds a portion of the first jacket; (e) sliding a second terminusmade of thermoplastic material onto the second plastic optical fibercable to a position whereat a first longitudinal section of the secondterminus surrounds the end section of the second plastic optical fiberand a second longitudinal section of the second terminus surrounds aportion of the second jacket; (f) sliding a first crimp ring made ofmetallic material onto the first terminus to a position whereat a firstlongitudinal section of the first crimp ring surrounds a first portionof the second longitudinal section of the first terminus; (g) sliding asecond crimp ring made of metallic material onto the second terminus toa position whereat a first longitudinal section of the second crimp ringsurrounds a first portion of the second longitudinal section of thesecond terminus; (h) crimping the first longitudinal section of thefirst crimp ring onto the second longitudinal section of the firstterminus; (i) crimping the first longitudinal section of the secondcrimp ring onto the second longitudinal section of the second terminus;(j) polishing an end face of the first plastic optical fiber; (k)polishing an end face of the second plastic optical fiber; (l) afterstep (j), inserting the first longitudinal section of the first terminusinto an opening at one end of a splice alignment sleeve until a secondlongitudinal section of the first crimp ring surrounds one end sectionof the splice alignment sleeve; (m) after step (k), inserting the firstlongitudinal section of the second terminus into an opening at anotherend of the splice alignment sleeve until a second longitudinal sectionof the second crimp ring surrounds another end section of the splicealignment sleeve; (n) after step (l), crimping the second longitudinalsection of the first crimp ring onto the one end section of the splicealignment sleeve; and (o) after step (m), crimping the secondlongitudinal section of the second crimp ring onto the other end sectionof the splice alignment sleeve.

Other aspects of apparatus and methods for splicing plastic opticalfibers are disclosed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, functions and advantages discussed in the precedingsection may be achieved independently in various embodiments or may becombined in yet other embodiments. Various embodiments will behereinafter described with reference to drawings for the purpose ofillustrating the above-described and other aspects. None of the diagramsbriefly described in this section are drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 is a diagram representing a side view of a fully assembledepoxy-free POF splice assembly in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a diagram representing a partially exploded view of thecomponents of the epoxy-free POF splice assembly depicted in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a terminus inaccordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a splice alignmentsleeve in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 4A is a diagram representing a cutaway view in which half of thesplice alignment sleeve depicted in FIG. 4 has been cut away to revealrespective portions of a pair of termini inside the splice alignmentsleeve.

FIG. 5 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a splice alignmentsleeve in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 5A is a diagram representing a cutaway view in which half of thesplice alignment sleeve depicted in FIG. 5 has been cut away to revealrespective portions of a pair of termini inside the splice alignmentsleeve.

FIG. 6 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a crimp ring whichis crimped onto both the splice alignment sleeve and one terminus inaccordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 6A is a diagram representing a cutaway view in which half of thesplice alignment sleeve depicted in FIG. 5 and half of the crimp ringdepicted in FIG. 6 have been cut away to reveal respective portions of apair of termini inside the splice alignment sleeve.

FIG. 7 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a rubber boot inaccordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a diagram representing a sectional view of the POF spliceassembly depicted in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 9A-9H are diagrams representing respective side views of thecomponents of the POF splice assembly at various stages in the splicingprocess in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart identifying steps of a method for splicing twoplastic optical fibers together in accordance with one embodiment.

Reference will hereinafter be made to the drawings in which similarelements in different drawings bear the same reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Illustrative embodiments of fiber optic devices are described in somedetail below. However, not all features of an actual implementation aredescribed in this specification. A person skilled in the art willappreciate that in the development of any such actual embodiment,numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve thedeveloper's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related andbusiness-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation toanother. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effortmight be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routineundertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit ofthis disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a diagram representing a side view of a fully assembledepoxy-free plastic optical fiber splice assembly 10 (hereinafter “POFsplice assembly 10”) in accordance with one embodiment. The POF spliceassembly 10 may be used to optically couple one end of one plasticoptical fiber cable 2 a (hereinafter “POF cable 2 a”) to one end ofanother plastic optical fiber cable 2 b (hereinafter “POF cable 2 b”).

FIG. 2 is a diagram representing a partially exploded view of thecomponents of the POF splice assembly 10 depicted in FIG. 1. The POFcable 2 a consists of a plastic optical fiber 4 a having an end face 5 aand a jacket 6 a made of electrically insulating and flame-resistantthermoplastic material. The plastic optical fiber 4 a is surrounded bythe jacket 6 a except in an end section (visible in FIG. 2) where thejacket 4 a has been stripped away. Similarly, the POF cable 2 b consistsof a plastic optical fiber 6 b having an end face 5 b and a jacket 6 bmade of electrically insulating and flame-resistant thermoplasticmaterial. The plastic optical fiber 4 b is surrounded by the jacket 6 bexcept in an end section (visible in FIG. 2) where the jacket 6 b hasbeen stripped away.

As best seen in FIG. 2, POF splice assembly 10 includes the followingcomponents: a splice alignment sleeve 12 made of thermoplastic material;a pair of termini 14 a and 14 b made of thermoplastic material; a pairof crimp rings 16 a and 16 b made of metallic material; a pair of rubberboots 18 a and 18 b; and a pair of crimp rings 20 a and 20 b made ofmetallic material. During assembly, the crimp ring 20 a, rubber boot 18a and crimp ring 16 a are slid onto the POF cable 2 a in sequence. Alsothe crimp ring 20 b, rubber boot 18 b and crimp ring 16 b are slid ontothe POF cable 2 b in sequence. This is the state of assembly depicted inFIG. 2. As will be explained in more detail below, after the crimp ring16 a has been slid onto the POF cable 2 a, the terminus 14 a is slidonto the POF cable 2 a and then the crimp ring 16 a is slid onto theterminus 14 a. Similarly, after the crimp ring 16 b has been slid ontothe POF cable 2 b, the terminus 14 b is slid onto the POF cable 2 b andthen the crimp ring 16 b is slid onto the terminus 14 b. Followingvarious operations (described in detail below), the termini 14 a and 14b are inserted into opposite ends of the splice alignment sleeve 12 andthen securely attached to the splice alignment sleeve 12 by crimping.The final assembly is depicted in FIG. 1.

The final assembly depicted in FIG. 1 forms an apparatus 22 for guidingpropagating light waves. The apparatus 22 includes a POF cable 2 aspliced to a POF cable 2 b. The splice optical couples the POF cables 2a and 2 b to each other so that light waves can propagate from one cableto the other in either direction. The apparatus 22 further includes aPOF splice assembly 10 configured to optical couple the end faces 5 aand 5 b (see FIG. 2) of the plastic optical fibers 4 a and 4 b to eachother.

The POF splice assembly 10 depicted in FIG. 1 includes a terminus 14 ahaving a first longitudinal section surrounding the end section of theplastic optical fiber 4 a and a second longitudinal section surroundinga portion of the jacket 6 a and a terminus 14 b having a firstlongitudinal section surrounding the end section of the plastic opticalfiber 4 b and a second longitudinal section surrounding a portion of thejacket 6 b. Both termini 14 a and 14 b are made of thermoplasticmaterial.

FIG. 3 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a terminus 14 inaccordance with one embodiment. Each terminus 14 a and 14 b depicted inFIG. 2 may have a geometry which is the same as the geometry of terminus14 depicted in FIG. 3. As seen in FIG. 3, each terminus 14 has a firstlongitudinal section 24 having a first outer diameter and a secondlongitudinal section 26 having a second outer diameter greater than thefirst outer diameter. In addition, the first longitudinal section 24 hasa first circular cylindrical channel 28 with a first inner diameter andthe second longitudinal section 26 has a second circular cylindricalchannel 30 with a second inner diameter greater than the first innerdiameter. The second longitudinal section 26 of each terminus 14 hasfirst and second radially outwardly projecting annular projections 15that form annular grooves 17 which facilitate the insertion of thethermoplastic terminus 14 into the thermoplastic splice alignment sleeve12.

The first and second circular cylindrical channels 28 and 30 are axiallyaligned and configured to receive a stripped end of a POF cable. Morespecifically, the first inner diameter of the first circular cylindricalchannel 28 inside the first longitudinal section 24 of the terminus 14is sized to receive the unjacketed plastic optical fiber of a POF cable(e.g., the first inner diameter is slightly greater than the outerdiameter of the plastic optical fiber); the second inner diameter of thesecond circular cylindrical channel 30 inside the second longitudinalsection 26 of the terminus 14 is sized to receive the POF cable (e.g.,the second inner diameter is slightly greater than the outer diameter ofthe POF cable.

Returning attention to FIG. 1, the POF splice assembly 10 furtherincludes a splice alignment sleeve 12 made of thermoplastic material.For example, in accordance with one proposed implementation, the splicealignment sleeve 12 is made of a thermoplastic material such aspolybutylene terephthalate. Preferably the thermoplastic material usedto fabricate the splice alignment sleeve 12 has a coefficient of thermalexpansion that matches the coefficients of thermal expansion of thematerials used to fabricate the termini 14 a and 14 b. When the termini14 a and 14 b are fully inserted into opposite ends of the splicealignment sleeve 12, the end faces 5 a and 5 b of the plastic opticalfibers 4 a and 4 b confront each other, thereby optically coupling theplastic optical fibers 4 a and 4 b to each other. Preferably the firstand second end faces 5 a and 5 b (see FIG. 2) do not contact each other.

FIG. 4 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a splice alignmentsleeve 12 in accordance with one embodiment. As seen in FIG. 4, thesplice alignment sleeve 12 includes a first end section 34, a second endsection 36 and a central section 38 connecting the end section 34 to theend section 36. The first and second end sections 34 and 36 and thecentral section 38 of the splice alignment sleeve 12 may all have thesame outer diameter. The first end section 34 has a first circularcylindrical channel 40, while the second end section 36 has a secondcircular cylindrical channel 42. Both of the first and second circularcylindrical channels 40 and 42 have the same inner diameter (hereinafter“third inner diameter” to distinguish from the first and second innerdiameters of the terminus 14). The central section 38 has a thirdcircular cylindrical channel 44 disposed between the first and secondcircular cylindrical channel 40 and 42 and having a fourth innerdiameter less than the third inner diameter. The first, second and thirdcircular cylindrical channels 40, 42 and 44 are axially alignedaccurately to each other to form a single through channel that extendsfrom one end of the splice alignment sleeve 12 to the other end of thesplice alignment sleeve 12.

To prevent end-face contact, the splice alignment sleeve 12 depicted inFIG. 4 has an aperture stop 32 disposed in the third circularcylindrical channel 44 that is configured to maintain a gap between theconfronting end faces 5 a and 5 b of the plastic optical fibers 4 a and4 b. For example, the aperture stop 32 may be in the form of a radiallyinwardly directed annular flange that has an opening with a diameterless than the outer diameter of the plastic optical fibers beingoptically coupled. This constriction blocks the end faces 5 a and 5 b(see FIG. 2) from contacting each other.

FIG. 4A is a diagram representing a cutaway view in which half of thesplice alignment sleeve 12 has been cut away to reveal respectiveportions of a pair of termini 14 a and 14 b inside the splice alignmentsleeve 12. The splice alignment sleeve 12 surrounds the firstlongitudinal sections 24 of the termini 14 a and 14 b in theirentireties and surrounds respective portions of the second longitudinalsections 26 of the termini 14 a and 14 b. As seen in FIG. 4A, the thirdcircular cylindrical channel 44 inside the central section 38 of thesplice alignment sleeve 12 is configured to receive the firstlongitudinal sections 24 of the termini 14 a and 14 b, while the firstand second circular cylindrical channels 40 and 42 inside the endsections 34 and 36 are configured to receive the respective secondlongitudinal sections 26 of the termini 14 a and 14 b.

More specifically, the third inner diameter of the first and secondcircular cylindrical channels 40 and 42 inside the splice alignmentsleeve 12 is sized to receive the second longitudinal sections 26 of thetermini 14 a and 14 b (e.g., the third inner diameter is slightlygreater than the outer diameter of the second longitudinal sections 26);the fourth inner diameter of the third circular cylindrical channel 44inside the splice alignment sleeve 12 is sized to receive the firstlongitudinal sections 24 of the termini 14 a and 14 b (e.g., the fourthinner diameter is slightly greater than the outer diameter of the firstlongitudinal sections 24).

FIG. 5 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a splice alignmentsleeve 12′ in accordance with another embodiment in which the aperturestop has been omitted. FIG. 5A is a diagram representing a cutaway viewin which half of the splice alignment sleeve 12′ depicted in FIG. 5 hasbeen cut away to reveal respective portions of a pair of termini 14 aand 14 b inside the splice alignment sleeve 12. Even though splicealignment sleeve 12′ does not have an aperture stop, other means may beused to prevent the end faces 5 a and 5 b (see FIG. 2) of the plasticoptical fibers 4 a and 4 b from touching. For example, the termini 14 aand 14 b may be respectively affixed to the splice alignment sleeve 12′so that the end faces 5 a and 5 b (see FIG. 2) will always be separatedby at least a minimum distance during normal operating conditions of theairplane despite some allowable axial compression of the splicealignment sleeve 12′.

Returning attention to FIG. 1, the POF splice assembly 10 furtherincludes crimp rings 16 a and 16 b made of metallic material. The crimpring 16 a is crimped onto both the terminus 14 a and one end of thesplice alignment sleeve 12, thereby affixing the terminus 14 a to thesplice alignment sleeve 12. Similarly, the crimp ring 16 b is crimpedonto both the terminus 14 b and the other end of the splice alignmentsleeve 12, thereby affixing the terminus 14 b to the splice alignmentsleeve 12.

FIG. 6 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a crimp ring 16 foraffixing a terminus 14 to a splice alignment sleeve 12 in accordancewith one embodiment. Each crimp ring 16 a and 16 b depicted in FIG. 1may have a geometry which is the same as the geometry of crimp ring 16depicted in FIG. 6. Each crimp ring 16 has a first longitudinal section48 having a first circular cylindrical channel 52 with a fifth innerdiameter (to distinguish from the first and second inner diameters ofthe terminus 14 and the third and fourth inner diameters of the splicealignment sleeve 12) and a second longitudinal section 46 having asecond circular cylindrical channel 50 with a sixth inner diameterlarger than the fifth inner diameter. The first and second circularcylindrical channels 52 and 50 inside each crimp ring 16 are axiallyaligned and configured to receive respective portions of a terminus 14and a splice alignment sleeve 12.

More specifically, the fifth inner diameter of the first circularcylindrical channel 50 inside each crimp ring 16 is sized to receive anend section of the splice alignment sleeve 12 (e.g., the fifth innerdiameter is slightly greater than the outer diameter of the splicealignment sleeve 12); the sixth inner diameter of the second circularcylindrical channel 52 inside each crimp ring 16 is sized to receive aportion of the second longitudinal section 26 of a terminus 14 (e.g.,the sixth inner diameter is slightly greater than the outer diameter ofthe second longitudinal section 26 of a terminus 14).

FIG. 6A is a diagram representing a cutaway view in which half of thesplice alignment sleeve 12 depicted in FIG. 5 and half of each of thecrimp rings 16 a and 16 b have been cut away to reveal respectiveportions of a pair of termini 14 a and 14 b inside the splice alignmentsleeve 12. As seen in FIG. 6A, the crimp ring 16 a has a firstlongitudinal section 48 surrounding and crimped onto one portion of thesecond longitudinal section 26 of the terminus 14 a and a secondlongitudinal section 46 surrounding and crimped onto one end section 34of the splice alignment sleeve 12. Similarly, the crimp ring 16 b has afirst longitudinal section 48 surrounding and crimped onto one portionof the second longitudinal section 26 of the terminus 14 b and a secondlongitudinal section 46 surrounding and crimped onto the other endsection 36 of the splice alignment sleeve 12. In summary, the termini 14a and 14 b are inserted into opposite ends of the splice alignmentsleeve 12 and then affixed to the splice alignment sleeve 12 by doublecrimping the crimp rings 16 a and 16 b. As a result of the use ofmechanical crimping instead of adhesive bonding, the interior space ofthe splice alignment sleeve is free of epoxy or other type of glue.

Returning attention to FIGS. 1 and 2, the apparatus 22 further includesa rubber boot 18 a that slides onto the terminus 14 a and abuts thecrimp ring 16 a, a rubber boot 18 b that slides onto the terminus 14 band abuts the crimp ring 16 b, a crimp ring 20 a that slides onto therubber boot 18 a, and a crimp ring 20 b that slides onto the rubber boot18 a. The crimp rings 20 a and 20 b are made of metallic material. Itshould be appreciated that the crimp rings 16 a and 16 b differ ingeometry from the crimp rings 20 a and 20 b. In accordance with oneproposed implementation, each of the crimp rings 20 a and 20 b is acircular cylindrical ring having a constant wall thickness. The circularcylindrical channel inside each crimp ring 20 a and 20 b has an innerdiameter sized to receive a respective rubber boot 18 a and 18 b.

FIG. 7 is a diagram representing a sectional view of a rubber boot 18 inaccordance with one embodiment. Each rubber boot 18 a and 18 b depictedin FIG. 1 may have a geometry which is the same as the geometry ofrubber boot 18 depicted in FIG. 7. As seen in FIG. 7, each rubber boot18 has a longitudinal section 54 and an annular flange 56 that projectsradially outward from the longitudinal section 54. The longitudinalsection 54 of each rubber boot 18 includes a first circular cylindricalchannel 58 and a second circular cylindrical channel 60 which areaxially aligned, but have different inner diameters. The first circularcylindrical channel 58 has an inner diameter which is slightly greaterthan the outer diameter of the jacketed portion of the POF cable (shownin FIG. 3); the second circular cylindrical channel 60 has an innerdiameter which is slightly greater than the outer diameter of the secondlongitudinal section 26 of the terminus 14.

As seen in FIG. 1, when the POF splice assembly 10 is fully assembled,one end face of the flange 56 of rubber boot 18 a abuts an end face ofthe crimp ring 16 a while the other end face of the flange 56 of rubberboot 18 a abuts an end face of the crimp ring 20 a. Similarly, one endface of the flange 56 of rubber boot 18 b abuts an end face of the crimpring 16 b while the other end face of the flange 56 of rubber boot 18 babuts an end face of the crimp ring 20 b.

FIG. 8 is a diagram representing a sectional view of the POF spliceassembly 10 depicted in FIG. 1. As seen in FIG. 8, the rubber boot 18 asurrounds both a portion of the second longitudinal section 26 of theterminus 14 a and a portion of the jacket of the POF cable 2 a, whilethe rubber boot 18 b surrounds both a portion of the second longitudinalsection 26 of the terminus 14 b and a portion of the jacket of the POFcable 2 b. In addition, the crimp ring 20 a surrounds and is crimpedonto the longitudinal section of the rubber boot 18 a, while the crimpring 20 b surrounds and is crimped onto the longitudinal section of therubber boot 18 b. Thus the terminus 14 a is compressed onto the jacketof the POF cable 2 a by the crimp rings 16 a and 20 a in respectivecrimped states, while the terminus 14 b is compressed onto the jacket ofthe POF cable 2 b by the crimp rings 16 b and 20 b in respective crimpedstates.

In accordance with the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 1 and 8, the crimprings 20 a and 20 b are crimped onto the rubber boots 18 a and 18 brespectively, which in turn compresses rubber boots 18 a and 18 b on thetermini 14 a and 14 b respectively, which in turn compresses the termini14 a and 14 b on the jacketed portions of POF cables 2 a and 2 brespectively. Thus, each terminus is affixed to a respective POF cableby double crimping. The first of the double crimps on each terminus isprovided by the aforementioned crimping of crimp rings 16 a and 16 bonto termini 14 a and 14 b respectively, which crimping compressestermini 14 a and 14 b on the jacketed portions of POF cables 2 a and 2 brespectively. The second of the double crimps on each terminus isprovided by the crimping of crimp rings 20 a and 20 b onto the rubberboots 18 a and 18 b respectively, which in turn compresses the termini14 a and 14 b on the jacketed portions of POF cables 2 a and 2 brespectively.

FIGS. 9A-9H are diagrams representing respective side views of thecomponents of the POF splice assembly depicted in FIG. 2 at variousstages in the splicing process in accordance with one embodiment. Thissplicing process is especially useful when a POF cable of an avionicssystem onboard an aircraft is damaged.

FIG. 9A shows a POF cable that has been cut to remove a damaged section,thereby forming two separate POF cables 2 a and 2 b. As shown in FIG.9B, the jackets 6 in respective end sections of the POF cables 2 a and 2b are stripped leaving respective lengths (e.g., approximately 1 inch)of exposed plastic optical fibers 4 a and 4 b.

In the next stage of the fabrication process, first the crimp ring 20 aslid onto the POF cable 2 a. Then the rubber boot 18 a is slid onto thePOF cable 2 a. Next the crimp ring 16 a is slid onto the POF cable 2 a.In a similar order, the crimp ring 20 b, rubber boot 18 b and crimp ring16 b are slid onto the POF cable 2 b. The result of these steps is seenin FIG. 9C.

In the next stage of the fabrication process depicted in FIG. 9D, theterminus 14 a is slid onto the POF cable 2 a, leaving a small length(e.g., approximately 0.3 inch) of plastic optical fiber 4 a protrudingfrom the end face of the terminus 14 a. In addition, the terminus 14 bis slid onto the POF cable 2 b, leaving a small length (e.g.,approximately 0.3 inch) of plastic optical fiber 4 b protruding from theend face of the terminus 14 b.

During the next stage depicted in FIG. 9E, the crimp ring 16 a is slidonto the terminus 14 a and the smaller-diameter longitudinal section 48of crimp ring 16 a is crimped onto the second longitudinal section 26 ofthe terminus 14 a using a crimp tool. The crimped crimp ring 16 acompresses the terminus 14 a onto the POF cable 2 a, causing theterminus 14 a to clamp the POF cable 2 a. In addition, the crimp ring 16b is slid onto the terminus 14 b and the smaller-diameter longitudinalsection 48 of crimp ring 16 b is crimped onto the second longitudinalsection 26 of the terminus 14 b using a crimp tool. The crimped crimpring 16 b compresses the terminus 14 b onto the POF cable 2 b, causingthe terminus 14 b to clamp the POF cable 2 b.

During the next stage, the rubber boot 16 a is slid onto the secondlongitudinal section 26 of the terminus 14 a until it abuts the crimpring 16 a. Then the crimp ring 20 a is slid onto rubber boot 18 a untilcrimp ring 20 a abuts the flange 56 of rubber boot 18 a. In addition,the rubber boot 16 b is slid onto the second longitudinal section 26 ofthe terminus 14 b until it abuts the crimp ring 16 b. Then the crimpring 20 b is slid onto rubber boot 18 b until crimp ring 20 b abuts theflange 56 of rubber boot 18 b. Then the crimp ring 20 a is crimped ontorubber boot 18 a and crimp ring 20 a is crimped onto rubber boot 18 a.The result of these operations is shown in FIG. 9F. The crimped crimpring 20 a compresses the rubber boot 18 a and the terminus 14 a, thusholding the rubber boot 18 a in place and compressing the terminus 14 aonto the POF cable 2 a. Similarly, the crimped crimp ring 20 bcompresses the rubber boot 18 b and the terminus 14 b, thus holding therubber boot 18 b in place and compressing the terminus 14 b onto the POFcable 2 b. Each terminus 14 a and 14 b is crimped twice onto therespective POF cables 2 a and 2 b, which improves the maximum pullstrength of the splice. The fiber end faces are then polished or diamondfinished, inspected and cleaned before the termini 14 a and 14 b areinserted into the splice alignment sleeve 12.

In the next step of the fabrication process, the splice alignment sleeve12 is placed between and aligned with the ends of the POF cables 2 a and2 b, as depicted in FIG. 9G. To complete the splice, the larger-diameterlongitudinal section 46 of crimp ring 16 a is slid onto one end of thesplice alignment sleeve 12 and held against the splice alignment sleeve12 while longitudinal section 46 of crimp ring 16 a is crimped onto theone end of the splice alignment sleeve 12. Similarly, thelarger-diameter longitudinal section 46 of crimp ring 16 b is slid ontothe other end of the splice alignment sleeve 12 and held against thesplice alignment sleeve 12 while longitudinal section 46 of crimp ring16 b is crimped onto the other end of the splice alignment sleeve 12.The splice assembly is completed after both crimp rings 16 a and 16 bhave been crimped onto the splice alignment sleeve 12. This finalassembly is depicted in FIG. 9H.

Some of the steps in the fabrication process described with reference toFIGS. 9A-9H may be summarized in a flowchart. FIG. 10 is a flowchartidentifying some steps of a method 100 for splicing two plastic opticalfibers together in accordance with one embodiment. The method 100includes at least the following steps. First, the damaged section of aPOF cable is cut out to form two separate POF cables 2 a and 2 b (step102). Then the jacket is stripped from a respective end section of eachplastic optical fiber (step 104). Various components are slid onto thePOF cables, including respective termini 14 a and 14 b which are slidonto respective end sections of each exposed plastic optical fiber andonto a portion of each adjoining jacket (step 106). Then a first crimpring 16 a is slid onto one terminus 14 a and a second crimp ring 16 b isslid onto on other terminus 14 b (step 108). Then the first and secondcrimp rings are crimped onto the respective termini (step 110), whichare in turn compressed onto the POF cables. After the termini 14 a and14 b have been respectively affixed to the POF cables 2 a and 2 b,respective rubber boots 18 a and 18 b are slid onto the respectivetermini (step 112). Then a third crimp ring 20 a is slid onto one rubberboot 18 a and a fourth crimp ring is slid onto the other rubber boot 18b (step 114). Then the third and fourth crimp rings are crimped onto therespective rubber boots (step 116), which in turn compresses the termini14 a and 14 b on the POF cables. Thereafter the end faces of theseparate plastic optical fibers 4 a and 4 b are polished, inspected andcleaned (step 118). The termini 14 a and 14 b are then inserted intoopposite ends of the splice alignment sleeve (step 120). Finally, thefirst and second crimp rings 16 a and 16 b are crimped to respective endsections of the splice alignment sleeve 12 (step 122).

Step 102 involves the steps of severing first and second undamagedsections of the damaged POF cable from a damaged section of the damagedPOF cable by cutting the POF cable at first and second positions onopposite sides of the damaged section of POF cable to form the two POFcables 2 a and 2 b.

In accordance with one proposed implementation, step 106 involves:sliding a first terminus 14 a made of thermoplastic material onto thefirst POF cable 2 a to a position whereat a first longitudinal section24 of the first terminus 14 a surrounds the end section of plasticoptical fiber 4 a and a second longitudinal section 26 of the firstterminus 14 a surrounds a portion of the first jacket 6 a; and sliding asecond terminus 14 b made of thermoplastic material onto the second POFcable 2 b to a position whereat a first longitudinal section 24 of thesecond terminus 14 b surrounds the end section of plastic optical fiber2 b and a second longitudinal section 26 of the second terminus 14 bsurrounds a portion of the second jacket 6 b.

In accordance with the proposed implementation partly described in theprevious paragraph, step 108 involves: sliding a first crimp ring 16 amade of metallic material onto the first terminus 14 a to a positionwhereat a first longitudinal section 48 of the first crimp ring 16 asurrounds a first portion of the second longitudinal section 26 of thefirst terminus 14 a; and sliding a second crimp ring 16 b made ofmetallic material onto the second terminus 14 b to a position whereat afirst longitudinal section 48 of the second crimp ring 16 b surrounds afirst portion of the second longitudinal section 26 of the secondterminus 14 b. In addition, step 110 involves: crimping the firstlongitudinal section 48 of the first crimp ring 16 a onto the secondlongitudinal section 26 of the first terminus 14 a; and crimping thefirst longitudinal section 48 of the second crimp ring 16 b onto thesecond longitudinal section 26 of the second terminus 14 b.

In accordance with the same proposed implementation, steps 112 and 114involve the following steps: sliding a first rubber boot 18 a onto thefirst terminus 14 a to a position whereat a longitudinal section 54 ofthe first rubber boot 18 a surrounds a second portion of the secondlongitudinal section 26 of the first terminus 14 a; sliding a thirdcrimp ring 20 a made of metallic material onto the first rubber boot 18a to a position whereat the third crimp ring 20 a surrounds a portion ofthe longitudinal section 54 of the first rubber boot 18 a that surroundsthe second portion of the second longitudinal section 26 of the firstterminus 14 a; sliding a second rubber boot 18 b onto the secondterminus 14 b to a position whereat a longitudinal section 54 of thesecond rubber boot 18 b surrounds a second portion of the secondlongitudinal section 26 of the second terminus 14 b; and sliding afourth crimp ring 20 b made of metallic material onto the second rubberboot 18 b to a position whereat the fourth crimp ring 20 b surrounds aportion of the longitudinal section 54 of the second rubber boot 18 bthat surrounds the second portion of the second longitudinal section 26of the second terminus 14 b.

In accordance with the same proposed implementation, step 120 involves:inserting the first longitudinal section 24 of the first terminus 14 ainto an opening at one end of the splice alignment sleeve 12 until asecond longitudinal section 46 of the first crimp ring 16 a surroundsone end section 34 of the splice alignment sleeve 12; and inserting thefirst longitudinal section 24 of the second terminus 14 b into anopening at another end of the splice alignment sleeve 12 until a secondlongitudinal section 46 of the second crimp ring 16 b surrounds anotherend section 36 of the splice alignment sleeve 112.

During the movements of a vehicle such as an aircraft, vibrations occurin various components at various vibration amplitudes and phases. Incases where two components are in contact, vibrations can cause thosecomponents to rub against each other. In cases where the two componentsare made of plastic, the rubbing surfaces of the two components maybecome scratched or develop other defects. To avoid such damage, it isdesirable to provide a fiber optic system in which an air gap is presentbetween the confronting end faces 5 a and 5 b (see FIG. 2) of theplastic optical fibers 4 a and 4 b.

The splice alignment sleeve 12 is preferably fabricated by molding orthree-dimensional printing using a flame retardant thermoplasticmaterial having high durability, such as polybutylene terephthalate. Thesplice alignment sleeve 12 preferably has an aperture stop 32 in thecenter to keep the end faces 5 a and 5 b (see FIG. 2) of the plasticoptical fibers 4 a and 4 b from coming in contact. Depending onrequirements, the separation of the fibers can be determined by thedesign of the aperture stop. To reduce reflections, optical indexmatching gel can be applied to the fiber ends.

The technology proposed herein enables the inclusion of one or more ofthe following technical features: (a) a POF splice body formed byprecision molding or three-dimensional printing; (b) an epoxy-freefabrication process; (c) a mechanical design using double crimp rings tohold the POF end faces at the maximum optical coupling location; (d) aminiature POF stop to eliminate the POF end-face damage due to ahigh-vibration environment; and (e) low cost because of the epoxy-freedesign and the passive POF optical alignment process. Since the splicebody is manufactured by a precision molding or three-dimensionalprinting process, the parts of the splice assembly can be mass producedat very low cost.

While a method and an apparatus for splicing two plastic optical fibershave been described with reference to various embodiments, it will beunderstood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be madeand equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof withoutdeparting from the scope of the teachings herein. In addition, manymodifications may be made to adapt the teachings herein to a particularsituation without departing from the scope thereof. Therefore it isintended that the claims not be limited to the particular embodimentsdisclosed herein.

The method claims set forth hereinafter should not be construed torequire that the steps recited therein be performed in alphabeticalorder (any alphabetical ordering in the claims is used solely for thepurpose of referencing previously recited steps) or in the order inwhich they are recited unless the claim language explicitly specifies orstates conditions indicating a particular order in which some or all ofthose steps are performed. Nor should the process claims be construed toexclude any portions of two or more steps being performed concurrentlyor alternatingly unless the claim language explicitly states a conditionthat precludes such an interpretation.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for guiding light waves,comprising: a first plastic optical fiber cable comprising a firstplastic optical fiber and a first jacket surrounding the first plasticoptical fiber except for an end section of the first plastic opticalfiber terminating at a first end face; a second plastic optical fibercable comprising a second plastic optical fiber and a second jacketsurrounding the second plastic optical fiber except for an end sectionof the second plastic optical fiber terminating at a second end face;and a plastic optical fiber splice assembly configured to opticallycouple the first and second end faces to each other, the plastic opticalfiber splice assembly comprising: a first terminus having a firstlongitudinal section surrounding the end section of the first plasticoptical fiber and a second longitudinal section surrounding a portion ofthe first jacket, the first terminus being made of thermoplasticmaterial; a second terminus having a first longitudinal sectionsurrounding the end section of the second plastic optical fiber and asecond longitudinal section surrounding a portion of the second jacket,the second terminus being made of thermoplastic material; a splicealignment sleeve that surrounds the first longitudinal sections of thefirst and second termini and portions of the second longitudinalsections of the first and second termini, the splice alignment sleevebeing made of thermoplastic material; a first crimp ring having a firstlongitudinal section surrounding and crimped onto one portion of thesecond longitudinal section of the first terminus and a secondlongitudinal section surrounding and crimped onto one end section of thesplice alignment sleeve, the first crimp ring being made of metallicmaterial; and a second crimp ring having a first longitudinal sectionsurrounding and crimped onto one portion of the second longitudinalsection of the second terminus and a second longitudinal sectionsurrounding and crimped onto another end section of the splice alignmentsleeve, the second crimp ring being made of metallic material.
 2. Theapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the first and second end facesdo not contact each other.
 3. The apparatus as recited in claim 1,wherein the splice alignment sleeve comprises an aperture stop thatmaintains a gap between the first and second end faces.
 4. The apparatusas recited in claim 1, wherein an interior space of the splice alignmentsleeve is free of epoxy.
 5. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, furthercomprising: a first boot having a longitudinal section that surroundsboth another portion of the second longitudinal section of the firstterminus and a portion of the first jacket of the first plastic opticalfiber cable; and a second boot having a longitudinal section thatsurrounds both another portion of the second longitudinal section of thesecond terminus and a portion of the second jacket of the second plasticoptical fiber cable.
 6. The apparatus as recited in claim 5, furthercomprising: a third crimp ring surrounding and crimped onto thelongitudinal section of the first boot, the third crimp ring being madeof metallic material; and a fourth crimp ring surrounding and crimpedonto the longitudinal section of the second boot, the fourth crimp ringbeing made of metallic material.
 7. The apparatus as recited in claim 6,wherein the first terminus is compressed onto the first jacket of thefirst plastic optical fiber cable by the first and third crimp rings inrespective crimped states and the second terminus is compressed onto thesecond jacket of the second plastic optical fiber cable by the secondand fourth crimp rings in respective crimped states.
 8. The apparatus asrecited in claim 1, wherein the splice alignment sleeve has an outerdiameter and the second longitudinal section of the first terminus hasan outer diameter less than the inner diameter of the splice alignmentsleeve, the second longitudinal section of the first crimp ring has aninner diameter equal to or greater than the outer diameter of the splicealignment sleeve and the first longitudinal section of the first crimpring has an inner diameter equal to or greater than the outer diameterof the second longitudinal section of the first terminus.
 9. Theapparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein the first longitudinal sectionof the first terminus has first and second radially outwardly projectingannular projections that form an annular groove therebetween.
 10. Anapparatus for guiding light waves, comprising: a plastic optical fibercable comprising a plastic optical fiber and a jacket surrounding theplastic optical fiber except for an end section of the plastic opticalfiber terminating at an end face; a terminus having a first longitudinalsection surrounding the end section of the plastic optical fiber and asecond longitudinal section surrounding a portion of the jacket, theterminus being made of thermoplastic material; and a splice alignmentsleeve that surrounds the first longitudinal section of the terminus anda portion of the second longitudinal section of the terminus, the splicealignment sleeve being made of thermoplastic material; and a first crimpring having a first longitudinal section surrounding and crimped ontoone portion of the second longitudinal section of the terminus and asecond longitudinal section surrounding and crimped onto one end sectionof the splice alignment sleeve, the first crimp ring being made ofmetallic material.
 11. The apparatus as recited in claim 10, furthercomprising: a boot having a longitudinal section that surrounds bothanother portion of the second longitudinal section of the terminus and aportion of the jacket of the plastic optical fiber cable; and a secondcrimp ring surrounding and crimped onto the longitudinal section of theboot, the second crimp ring being made of metallic material.
 12. Theapparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein the first and second portionsof the second longitudinal section of the terminus are compressed ontothe jacket of the plastic optical fiber cable by the first and secondcrimp rings in respective crimped states.